Python Built-in Functions

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Python Function

The Python built-in functions are defined as the functions whose functionality is pre-defined in Python. The python interpreter has several functions that are always present for use. These functions are known as Built-in Functions. There are several built-in functions in Python which are listed below:
Python abs() Function

The pythonabs()function is used to return the absolute value of a number. It takes only one argument, a number whose absolute value is to be returned. The argument can be an integer and floating-point number. If the argument is a complex number, then, abs() returns its magnitude.
Python abs() Function Example

  • # integer number
    integer = -20
    print(‘Absolute value of -40 is:’, abs(integer))

    # floating number
    floating = -20.83
    print(‘Absolute value of -40.83 is:’, abs(floating))

Output:

  • Absolute value of -20 is: 20
    Absolute value of -20.83 is: 20.83

Python all() FunctionThe pythonall()function accepts an iterable object (such as list, dictionary, etc.). It returns true if all items in passed iterable are true. Otherwise, it returns False. If the iterable object is empty, the all() function returns True.Python all() Function Example

  • # all values true
    k = [1, 3, 4, 6]
    print(all(k))

    # all values false
    k = [0, False]
    print(all(k))

    # one false value
    k = [1, 3, 7, 0]
    print(all(k))

    # one true value
    k = [0, False, 5]
    print(all(k))

    # empty iterable
    k = []
    print(all(k))

Output:

  • True
    False
    False
    False
    True

Python bin() FunctionThe pythonbin()function is used to return the binary representation of a specified integer. A result always starts with the prefix 0b.Python bin() Function Example

  • x = 10
    y = bin(x)
    print (y)

Output:

  • 0b1010

Python bool()

The pythonbool()converts a value to boolean(True or False) using the standard truth testing procedure.
Python bool() Example

  • test1 = []
    print(test1,’is’,bool(test1))
    test1 = [0]
    print(test1,’is’,bool(test1))
    test1 = 0.0
    print(test1,’is’,bool(test1))
    test1 = None
    print(test1,’is’,bool(test1))
    test1 = True
    print(test1,’is’,bool(test1))
    test1 = ‘Easy string’

Output:

  • [] is False
    [0] is True
    0.0 is False
    None is False
    True is True
    Easy string is True

Python bytes()

The pythonbytes()in Python is used for returning abytesobject. It is an immutable version of the bytearray() function.
It can create empty bytes object of the specified size.
Python bytes() Example

  • string = “Hello World.”
    array = bytes(string, ‘utf-8’)
    print(array)

Output:

  • b ‘ Hello World.’

Python callable() Function

A pythoncallable()function in Python is something that can be called. This built-in function checks and returns true if the object passed appears to be callable, otherwise false.
Python callable() Function Example

  • x = 8
    print(callable(x))

Output:

  • False

Python compile() FunctionThe pythoncompile()function takes source code as input and returns a code object which can later be executed by exec() function.Python compile() Function Example

  • # compile string source to code
    code_str = ‘x=5\ny=10\nprint(“sum =”,x+y)’
    code = compile(code_str, ‘sum.py’, ‘exec’)
    print(type(code))
    exec(code)
    exec(x)

Output:

  • <class ‘code’>
    sum = 15

Python exec() Function
The pythonexec()function is used for the dynamic execution of Python program which can either be a string or object code and it accepts large blocks of code, unlike the eval() function which only accepts a single expression.Python exec() Function Example

  • x = 8
    exec(‘print(x==8)’)
    exec(‘print(x+4)’)

Output:

  • True
    12

Python sum() FunctionAs the name says, pythonsum()function is used to get the sum of numbers of an iterable, i.e., list.Python sum() Function Example

  • s = sum([1, 2,4 ])
    print(s)

    s = sum([1, 2, 4], 10)
    print(s)

Output:

  • 7
    17

Python any() FunctionThe pythonany()function returns true if any item in an iterable is true. Otherwise, it returns False.Python any() Function Example

  • l = [4, 3, 2, 0]
    print(any(l))

    l = [0, False]
    print(any(l))

    l = [0, False, 5]
    print(any(l))

    l = []
    print(any(l))

Output:

  • True
    False
    True
    False

Python ascii() FunctionThe pythonascii()function returns a string containing a printable representation of an object and escapes the non-ASCII characters in the string using \x, \u or \U escapes.Python ascii() Function Example

  • normalText = ‘Python is interesting’
    print(ascii(normalText))

    otherText = ‘Pythön is interesting’
    print(ascii(otherText))

    print(‘Pyth\xf6n is interesting’)

Output:

  • ‘Python is interesting’
    ‘Pyth\xf6n is interesting’
    Pythön is interesting

Python bytearray() The pythonbytearray()returns a bytearray object and can convert objects into bytearray objects, or create an empty bytearray object of the specified size.Python bytearray() Example

  • string = “Python is a programming language.”# string with encoding ‘utf-8’
    arr = bytearray(string, ‘utf-8’)
    print(arr)

Output:

  • bytearray(b’Python is a programming language.’)

Python eval() FunctionThe pythoneval()function parses the expression passed to it and runs python expression(code) within the program.Python eval() Function Example

  • x = 8
    print(eval(‘x + 1’))

Output:

  • 9

Python float()The pythonfloat()function returns a floating-point number from a number or string.Python float() Example

  • # for integers
    print(float(9))

    # for floats
    print(float(8.19))

    # for string floats
    print(float(“-24.27″))

    # for string floats with whitespaces
    print(float(” -17.19\n”))

    # string float error
    print(float(“xyz”))

Output:

  • 9.0
    8.19
    -24.27
    -17.19
    ValueError: could not convert string to float: ‘xyz’

Python format() FunctionThe pythonformat()function returns a formatted representation of the given value.Python format() Function Example

  • # d, f and b are a type# integer
    print(format(123, “d”))

    # float arguments
    print(format(123.4567898, “f”))

    # binary format
    print(format(12, “b”))

Output:

  • 123
    123.456790
    1100

Python frozenset()The pythonfrozenset()function returns an immutable frozenset object initialized with elements from the given iterable.Python frozenset() Example

  • # tuple of letters
    letters = (‘m’, ‘r’, ‘o’, ‘t’, ‘s’)

    fSet = frozenset(letters)
    print(‘Frozen set is:’, fSet)
    print(‘Empty frozen set is:’, frozenset())

Output:

  • Frozen set is: frozenset({‘o’, ‘m’, ‘s’, ‘r’, ‘t’})
    Empty frozen set is: frozenset()

Python getattr() FunctionThe pythongetattr()function returns the value of a named attribute of an object. If it is not found, it returns the default value.Python getattr() Function Example

  • class Details:
    age = 22
    name = “Phill”

    details = Details()
    print(‘The age is:’, getattr(details, “age”))
    print(‘The age is:’, details.age)

Output:

  • The age is: 22
    The age is: 22

Python globals() FunctionThe pythonglobals()function returns the dictionary of the current global symbol table.
ASymbol tableis defined as a data structure which contains all the necessary information about the program. It includes variable names, methods, classes, etc.Python globals() Function Example

  • age = 22globals()[‘age’] = 22
    print(‘The age is:’, age)

Output:

  • The age is: 22

Python hasattr() Function The pythonany()function returns true if any item in an iterable is true, otherwise it returns False.Python hasattr() Function Example

  • l = [4, 3, 2, 0]
    print(any(l))

    l = [0, False]
    print(any(l))

    l = [0, False, 5]
    print(any(l))

    l = []
    print(any(l))

Output:

  • True
    False
    True
    False

Python iter() Function The pythoniter()function is used to return an iterator object. It creates an object which can be iterated one element at a time.Python iter() Function Example

  • # list of numbers
    list = [1,2,3,4,5]

    listIter = iter(list)

    # prints ‘1’
    print(next(listIter))

    # prints ‘2’
    print(next(listIter))

    # prints ‘3’
    print(next(listIter))

    # prints ‘4’
    print(next(listIter))

    # prints ‘5’
    print(next(listIter))

Output:

  • 1
    2
    3
    4
    5

Python len() Function The pythonlen()function is used to return the length (the number of items) of an object.Python len() Function Example

  • strA = ‘Python’
    print(len(strA))

Output:

  • 6

Python list() The pythonlist()creates a list in python.Python list() Example

  • # empty list
    print(list())

    # string
    String = ‘abcde’
    print(list(String))

    # tuple
    Tuple = (1,2,3,4,5)
    print(list(Tuple))
    # list
    List = [1,2,3,4,5]
    print(list(List))

Output:

  • []
    [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’]
    [1,2,3,4,5]
    [1,2,3,4,5]

Python locals() Function The pythonlocals()method updates and returns the dictionary of the current local symbol table.
ASymbol tableis defined as a data structure which contains all the necessary information about the program. It includes variable names, methods, classes, etc.Python locals() Function Example

  • def localsAbsent():
    return locals()

    def localsPresent():
    present = True
    return locals()

    print(‘localsNotPresent:’, localsAbsent())
    print(‘localsPresent:’, localsPresent())

Output:

  • localsAbsent: {}
    localsPresent: {‘present’: True}

Python map() Function The pythonmap()function is used to return a list of results after applying a given function to each item of an iterable(list, tuple etc.).Python map() Function Example

  • def calculateAddition(n):
    return n+n

    numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4)
    result = map(calculateAddition, numbers)
    print(result)

    # converting map object to set
    numbersAddition = set(result)
    print(numbersAddition)

Output:

  • <map object at 0x7fb04a6bec18>
    {8, 2, 4, 6}

Python memoryview() Function The pythonmemoryview()function returns a memoryview object of the given argument.Python memoryview () Function Example

  • #A random bytearray
    randomByteArray = bytearray(‘ABC’, ‘utf-8’)

    mv = memoryview(randomByteArray)

    # access the memory view’s zeroth index
    print(mv[0])

    # It create byte from memory view
    print(bytes(mv[0:2]))

    # It create list from memory view
    print(list(mv[0:3]))

Output:

  • 65
    b’AB’
    [65, 66, 67]

Python object() The pythonobject()returns an empty object. It is a base for all the classes and holds the built-in properties and methods which are default for all the classes.Python object() Example

  • python = object()print(type(python))
    print(dir(python))

Output:

  • <class ‘object’>
    [‘__class__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’,
    ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__ne__’,
    ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__sizeof__’,
    ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’]

Python open() Function The pythonopen()function opens the file and returns a corresponding file object.Python open() Function Example

  • # opens python.text file of the current directory
    f = open(“python.txt”)
    # specifying full path
    f = open(“C:/Python33/README.txt”)

Output:

  • Since the mode is omitted, the file is opened in ‘r’ mode; opens for reading.

Python chr() Function Pythonchr()function is used to get a string representing a character which points to a Unicode code integer. For example, chr(97) returns the string ‘a’. This function takes an integer argument and throws an error if it exceeds the specified range. The standard range of the argument is from 0 to 1,114,111.Python chr() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    result = chr(102) # It returns string representation of a char
    result2 = chr(112)
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(result2)
    # Verify, is it string type?
    print(“is it string type:”, type(result) is str)

Output:

  • ValueError: chr() arg not in range(0x110000)

Python complex() Pythoncomplex()function is used to convert numbers or string into a complex number. This method takes two optional parameters and returns a complex number. The first parameter is called a real and second as imaginary parts.Python complex() Example

  • # Python complex() function example
    # Calling function
    a = complex(1) # Passing single parameter
    b = complex(1,2) # Passing both parameters
    # Displaying result
    print(a)
    print(b)

Output:

  • (1.5+0j)
    (1.5+2.2j)

Python delattr() Function Pythondelattr()function is used to delete an attribute from a class. It takes two parameters, first is an object of the class and second is an attribute which we want to delete. After deleting the attribute, it no longer available in the class and throws an error if try to call it using the class object.Python delattr() Function Example

  • class Student:
    id = 101
    name = “Pranshu”
    email = “pranshu@abc.com”
    # Declaring function
    def getinfo(self):
    print(self.id, self.name, self.email)
    s = Student()
    s.getinfo()
    delattr(Student,’course’) # Removing attribute which is not available
    s.getinfo() # error: throws an error

Output:

  • 101 Pranshu pranshu@abc.com
    AttributeError: course

Python dir() Function Pythondir()function returns the list of names in the current local scope. If the object on which method is called has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. It takes a single object type argument.Python dir() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    att = dir()
    # Displaying result
    print(att)

Output:

  • [‘__annotations__’, ‘__builtins__’, ‘__cached__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__file__’, ‘__loader__’,
    ‘__name__’, ‘__package__’, ‘__spec__’]

Python divmod() FunctionPythondivmod()function is used to get remainder and quotient of two numbers. This function takes two numeric arguments and returns a tuple. Both arguments are required and numericPython divmod() Function Example

  • # Python divmod() function example
    # Calling function
    result = divmod(10,2)
    # Displaying result
    print(result)

Output:

  • (5, 0)

Python enumerate() FunctionPythonenumerate()function returns an enumerated object. It takes two parameters, first is a sequence of elements and the second is the start index of the sequence. We can get the elements in sequence either through a loop or next() method.Python enumerate() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    result = enumerate([1,2,3])
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(list(result))

Output:

  • <enumerate object at 0x7ff641093d80>
    [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)]

Python dict()Pythondict()function is a constructor which creates a dictionary. Python dictionary provides three different constructors to create a dictionary:

  • If no argument is passed, it creates an empty dictionary.
  • If a positional argument is given, a dictionary is created with the same key-value pairs. Otherwise, pass an iterable object.
  • If keyword arguments are given, the keyword arguments and their values are added to the dictionary created from the positional argument.

Python dict() Example

  • # Calling function
    result = dict() # returns an empty dictionary
    result2 = dict(a=1,b=2)
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(result2)

Output:

  • {}
    {‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 2}

Python filter() FunctionPythonfilter()function is used to get filtered elements. This function takes two arguments, first is a function and the second is iterable. The filter function returns a sequence of those elements of iterable object for which function returnstrue value.
The first argument can benone, if the function is not available and returns only elements that aretrue.Python filter() Function Example

  • # Python filter() function example
    def filterdata(x):
    if x>5:
    return x
    # Calling function
    result = filter(filterdata,(1,2,6))
    # Displaying result
    print(list(result))

Output:

  • [6]

Python hash() FunctionPythonhash()function is used to get the hash value of an object. Python calculates the hash value by using the hash algorithm. The hash values are integers and used to compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. We can hash only the types which are given below:Hashable types:* bool * int * long * float * string * Unicode * tuple * code object.Python hash() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    result = hash(21) # integer value
    result2 = hash(22.2) # decimal value
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(result2)

Output:

  • 21
    461168601842737174

Python help() FunctionPythonhelp()function is used to get help related to the object passed during the call. It takes an optional parameter and returns help information. If no argument is given, it shows the Python help console. It internally calls python’s help function.Python help() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    info = help() # No argument
    # Displaying result
    print(info)

Output:

  • Welcome to Python 3.5’s help utility!

Python min() FunctionPythonmin()function is used to get the smallest element from the collection. This function takes two arguments, first is a collection of elements and second is key, and returns the smallest element from the collection.Python min() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    small = min(2225,325,2025) # returns smallest element
    small2 = min(1000.25,2025.35,5625.36,10052.50)
    # Displaying result
    print(small)
    print(small2)

Output:

  • 325
    1000.25

Python set() FunctionIn python, a set is a built-in class, and this function is a constructor of this class. It is used to create a new set using elements passed during the call. It takes an iterable object as an argument and returns a new set object.Python set() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    result = set() # empty set
    result2 = set(’12’)
    result3 = set(‘javatpoint’)
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(result2)
    print(result3)

Output:

  • set()
    {‘1’, ‘2’}
    {‘a’, ‘n’, ‘v’, ‘t’, ‘j’, ‘p’, ‘i’, ‘o’}

Python hex() FunctionPythonhex()function is used to generate hex value of an integer argument. It takes an integer argument and returns an integer converted into a hexadecimal string. In case, we want to get a hexadecimal value of a float, then use float.hex() function.Python hex() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    result = hex(1)
    # integer value
    result2 = hex(342)
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(result2)

Output:

  • 0x1
    0x156

Python id() FunctionPythonid()function returns the identity of an object. This is an integer which is guaranteed to be unique. This function takes an argument as an object and returns a unique integer number which represents identity. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value.Python id() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    val = id(“Javatpoint”) # string object
    val2 = id(1200) # integer object
    val3 = id([25,336,95,236,92,3225]) # List object
    # Displaying result
    print(val)
    print(val2)
    print(val3)

Output:

  • 139963782059696
    139963805666864
    139963781994504

Python setattr() FunctionPythonsetattr()function is used to set a value to the object’s attribute. It takes three arguments, i.e., an object, a string, and an arbitrary value, and returns none. It is helpful when we want to add a new attribute to an object and set a value to it.Python setattr() Function Example

  • class Student:
    id = 0
    name = “”

    def __init__(self, id, name):
    self.id = id
    self.name = name

    student = Student(102,”Sohan”)
    print(student.id)
    print(student.name)
    #print(student.email) product error
    setattr(student, ’email’,’sohan@abc.com’) # adding new attribute
    print(student.email)

Output:

  • 102
    Sohan
    sohan@abc.com

Python slice() FunctionPythonslice()function is used to get a slice of elements from the collection of elements. Python provides two overloaded slice functions. The first function takes a single argument while the second function takes three arguments and returns a slice object. This slice object can be used to get a subsection of the collection.Python slice() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    result = slice(5) # returns slice object
    result2 = slice(0,5,3) # returns slice object
    # Displaying result
    print(result)
    print(result2)

Output:

  • slice(None, 5, None)
    slice(0, 5, 3)

Python sorted() FunctionPythonsorted()function is used to sort elements. By default, it sorts elements in an ascending order but can be sorted in descending also. It takes four arguments and returns a collection in sorted order. In the case of a dictionary, it sorts only keys, not values.Python sorted() Function Example

  • str = “javatpoint” # declaring string
    # Calling function
    sorted1 = sorted(str) # sorting string
    # Displaying result
    print(sorted1)

Output:

  • [‘a’, ‘a’, ‘i’, ‘j’, ‘n’, ‘o’, ‘p’, ‘t’, ‘t’, ‘v’]

Python next() FunctionPythonnext()function is used to fetch next item from the collection. It takes two arguments, i.e., an iterator and a default value, and returns an element.
This method calls on iterator and throws an error if no item is present. To avoid the error, we can set a default value.Python next() Function Example

  • number = iter([256, 32, 82]) # Creating iterator
    # Calling function
    item = next(number)
    # Displaying result
    print(item)
    # second item
    item = next(number)
    print(item)
    # third item
    item = next(number)
    print(item)

Output:

  • 256
    32
    82

Python input() FunctionPythoninput()function is used to get an input from the user. It prompts for the user input and reads a line. After reading data, it converts it into a string and returns it. It throws an errorEOFErrorif EOF is read.Python input() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    val = input(“Enter a value: “)
    # Displaying result
    print(“You entered:”,val)

Output:

  • Enter a value: 45
    You entered: 45

Python int() FunctionPythonint()function is used to get an integer value. It returns an expression converted into an integer number. If the argument is a floating-point, the conversion truncates the number. If the argument is outside the integer range, then it converts the number into a long type.
If the number is not a number or if a base is given, the number must be a string.Python int() Function Example

  • # Calling function
    val = int(10) # integer value
    val2 = int(10.52) # float value
    val3 = int(’10’) # string value
    # Displaying result
    print(“integer values :”,val, val2, val3)

Output:

  • integer values : 10 10 10

Python isinstance() FunctionPythonisinstance()function is used to check whether the given object is an instance of that class. If the object belongs to the class, it returns true. Otherwise returns False. It also returns true if the class is a subclass.
Theisinstance()function takes two arguments, i.e., object and classinfo, and then it returns either True or False.Python isinstance() function Example

  • class Student:
    id = 101
    name = “John”
    def __init__(self, id, name):
    self.id=id
    self.name=name

    student = Student(1010,”John”)
    lst = [12,34,5,6,767]
    # Calling function
    print(isinstance(student, Student)) # isinstance of Student class
    print(isinstance(lst, Student))

Output:

  • True
    False

Python oct() FunctionPythonoct()function is used to get an octal value of an integer number. This method takes an argument and returns an integer converted into an octal string. It throws an errorTypeError, if argument type is other than an integer.Python oct() function Example

  • # Calling function
    val = oct(10)
    # Displaying result
    print(“Octal value of 10:”,val)

Output:

  • Octal value of 10: 0o12

Python ord() FunctionThe pythonord()function returns an integer representing Unicode code point for the given Unicode character.Python ord() function Example

  • # Code point of an integer
    print(ord(‘8’))

    # Code point of an alphabet
    print(ord(‘R’))

    # Code point of a character
    print(ord(‘&’))

Output:

  • 56
    82
    38

Python pow() FunctionThe pythonpow()function is used to compute the power of a number. It returns x to the power of y. If the third argument(z) is given, it returns x to the power of y modulus z, i.e. (x, y) % z.Python pow() function Example

  • # positive x, positive y (x**y)
    print(pow(4, 2))

    # negative x, positive y
    print(pow(-4, 2))

    # positive x, negative y (x**-y)
    print(pow(4, -2))

    # negative x, negative y
    print(pow(-4, -2))

Output:

  • 16
    16
    0.0625
    0.0625

Python print() FunctionThe pythonprint()function prints the given object to the screen or other standard output devices.Python print() function Example

  • print(“Python is programming language.”)x = 7
    # Two objects passed
    print(“x =”, x)

    y = x
    # Three objects passed
    print(‘x =’, x, ‘= y’)

Output:

  • Python is programming language.
    x = 7
    x = 7 = y

Python range() FunctionThe pythonrange()function returns an immutable sequence of numbers starting from 0 by default, increments by 1 (by default) and ends at a specified number.Python range() function Example

  • # empty range
    print(list(range(0)))

    # using the range(stop)
    print(list(range(4)))

    # using the range(start, stop)
    print(list(range(1,7 )))

Output:

  • []
    [0, 1, 2, 3]
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Python reversed() FunctionThe pythonreversed()function returns the reversed iterator of the given sequence.Python reversed() function Example

  • # for string
    String = ‘Java’
    print(list(reversed(String)))

    # for tuple
    Tuple = (‘J’, ‘a’, ‘v’, ‘a’)
    print(list(reversed(Tuple)))

    # for range
    Range = range(8, 12)
    print(list(reversed(Range)))

    # for list
    List = [1, 2, 7, 5]
    print(list(reversed(List)))

Output:

  • [‘a’, ‘v’, ‘a’, ‘J’]
    [‘a’, ‘v’, ‘a’, ‘J’]
    [11, 10, 9, 8]
    [5, 7, 2, 1]

Python round() FunctionThe pythonround()function rounds off the digits of a number and returns the floating point number.Python round() Function Example

  • # for integers
    print(round(10))

    # for floating point
    print(round(10.8))

    # even choice
    print(round(6.6))

Output:

  • 10
    11
    7

Python issubclass() FunctionThe pythonissubclass()function returns true if object argument(first argument) is a subclass of second class(second argument).Python issubclass() Function Example

  • class Rectangle:
    def __init__(rectangleType):
    print(‘Rectangle is a ‘, rectangleType)

    class Square(Rectangle):
    def __init__(self):
    Rectangle.__init__(‘square’)

    print(issubclass(Square, Rectangle))
    print(issubclass(Square, list))
    print(issubclass(Square, (list, Rectangle)))
    print(issubclass(Rectangle, (list, Rectangle)))

Output:

  • True
    False
    True
    True

Python strThe pythonstr()converts a specified value into a string.Python str() Function Example

  • str(‘4’)

Output:

  • ‘4’

Python tuple() FunctionThe pythontuple()function is used to create a tuple object.Python tuple() Function Example

t1 = tuple()
print(‘t1=’, t1)

# creating a tuple from a list
t2 = tuple([1, 6, 9])
print(‘t2=’, t2)

# creating a tuple from a string
t1 = tuple(‘Java’)
print(‘t1=’,t1)

# creating a tuple from a dictionary
t1 = tuple({4: ‘four’, 5: ‘five’})
print(‘t1=’,t1)

Output:

  • t1= ()
    t2= (1, 6, 9)
    t1= (‘J’, ‘a’, ‘v’, ‘a’)
    t1= (4, 5)

Python type()The pythontype()returns the type of the specified object if a single argument is passed to the type() built in function. If three arguments are passed, then it returns a new type object.Python type() Function Example

  • List = [4, 5]
    print(type(List))

    Dict = {4: ‘four’, 5: ‘five’}
    print(type(Dict))

    class Python:
    a = 0

    InstanceOfPython = Python()
    print(type(InstanceOfPython))

Output:

  • <class ‘list’>
    <class ‘dict’>
    <class ‘__main__.Python’>

Python vars() functionThe pythonvars()function returns the __dict__ attribute of the given object.Python vars() Function Example

  • class Python:
    def __init__(self, x = 7, y = 9):
    self.x = x
    self.y = y

    InstanceOfPython = Python()
    print(vars(InstanceOfPython))

Output:

  • {‘y’: 9, ‘x’: 7}

Python zip() FunctionThe pythonzip()Function returns a zip object, which maps a similar index of multiple containers. It takes iterables (can be zero or more), makes it an iterator that aggregates the elements based on iterables passed, and returns an iterator of tuples.Python zip() Function Example

  • numList = [4,5, 6]
    strList = [‘four’, ‘five’, ‘six’]

    # No iterables are passed
    result = zip()

    # Converting itertor to list
    resultList = list(result)
    print(resultList)

    # Two iterables are passed
    result = zip(numList, strList)

    # Converting itertor to set
    resultSet = set(result)
    print(resultSet)

Output:

  • []
    {(5, ‘five’), (4, ‘four’), (6, ‘six’)}

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