Python dir() Function

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Python dir() Function

Python dir() function returns the list of names in the current local scope. If the object on which method is called has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. It takes a single object type argument. The signature of the function is given below.

Signature

  • dir ([object])

Parameters

object: It takes an optional parameter.

Return

It returns a list of valid attributes of the object.

Let’s see some examples of dir() function to understand it’s functionality.

Python dir() Function Example 1

Let’s create a simple example to get a list of valid attributes. It takes a single parameter which is optional.

  • # Python dir() function example
    # Calling function
    att = dir()
    # Displaying result
    print(att)

Output:

  • [‘__annotations__’, ‘__builtins__’, ‘__cached__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__file__’, ‘__loader__’, ‘__name__’, ‘__package__’,
    ‘__spec__’]

Python dir() Function Example 2

If we pass a parameter to this function, it returns attributes related to that object. See an example below.

  • # Python dir() function example
    lang = (“C”,”C++”,”Java”,”Python”)
    # Calling function
    att = dir(lang)
    # Displaying result
    print(att)

Output:

  • [‘__add__’, ‘__class__’, ‘__contains__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’, ‘__getattribute__’,
    ‘__getitem__’, ‘__getnewargs__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__iter__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__len__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__mul__’,
    ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__rmul__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’,
    ‘__subclasshook__’, ‘count’, ‘index’]

Python dir() Function Example 3

  • # Python dir() function example
    class Student():
    def __init__(self,x):
    return self.x
    # Calling function
    att = dir(Student)
    # Displaying result
    print(att)

Output:

  • [‘__class__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__dict__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’, ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__module__’, ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’, ‘__weakref__’]

Python dir() Function Example 4

If dir() function is already defined in the object, the function will be called.

  • # Python dir() function example
    class Student():
    def __dir__(self):
    return [10,20,30]
    # Calling function
    s = Student()
    att = dir(s)
    # Displaying result
    print(att)

Output:

  • [10, 20, 30]

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